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Meurer's early education spanned from 1902 to 1912 in elementary and humanistic high schools. In 1912, he completed a one-year course and worked in a machine factory and a power station until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914.

During World War I, Meurer served as a volunteer and was appointed a lieutenant in the reserve on September 23, 1915. Post-war, he studied electrical engineering at the technical center in Mittweida for five semesters, completing his engineering exam in 1921.

From 1921 to 1925, Meurer was employed as an engineer at the Baden State Electricity Supply in Karlsruhe. In 1925, he joined the Reichswehr as a civilian employee in Stuttgart, working in the state security department. He became a member of the NSDAP in 1932.

In the Nazi era until 1944, Meurer joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) in the fall of 1933. He was head of training at SA Obergruppe 5 in Frankfurt am Main until May 1935 and attained the rank of Sturmbannführer. In May 1935, Meurer reentered the military as a captain and served as an adjutant at the Stuttgart 1 military district command until the end of 1938, being promoted to major in 1938. He was then transferred to the Karlstadt Military Replacement Inspectorate in 1939.

During World War II, Meurer served in various capacities, including at a transit camp on the Eastern Front, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1941 and to colonel in 1944.

As Chief of Staff to the Chief of Prisoners of War from 1944 to 1945, Meurer worked under Gottlob Berger. He was involved in the organization of the prisoner of war system and the murder of French prisoner of war General Mesny in January 1945.

After World War II, Meurer was a witness at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to death in absentia in Paris in 1953 for his involvement in General Mesny's murder. German authorities arrested him in 1959, but he was released in 1960. The investigation against him was dropped in 1976 due to his inability to stand trial.