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Rosenmuller was the oldest son of the rationalist theologian Johann Georg Rosenmüller.

He became identified with the University of Leipzig, first as a student, in 1792 as a tutor, extraordinary professor of Arabic in 1796, and ordinary professor of Oriental languages from 1813 to the time of his death, 1835.

Rosenmuller promoted the study of the Arabic language, brought within the reach of theologians the rapidly increasing knowledge of his day with reference to the conditions of the East, and endeavored to raise the exposition of the language and statements of the Old Testament to the level of the science of his day.

Rosenmuller's Bible commentaries and Arab lexical studies were significant scholarly achievements.