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Description

The Earliest Meteorological Chart—Previously Unknown State!

Fine example of important Halley’s chart of the trade winds, first published in 1686 along with an article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

This state includes printer’s instructions to have the map bound into an appendix at page 36. Such a state has not been recorded before.

The untitled chart shows the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, with parts of the far eastern and western Pacific, between thirty degrees latitude north and south. This is the area where the trade winds blow. Curved, dotted lines indicate the direction of the winds in particular areas, showing for the first time on a map the systematic operation of weather patterns.

Halley would later build on this early thematic map with his use of isogonic lines on maps of magnetic declination, but this is his first published cartographic output. This chart would have considerable influence on contemporaries. William Dampier, buccaneer and first person to circumnavigate the world three times, used it on his own voyages and extrapolated from it for the unshown Pacific waters.

To construct the chart, Halley compiled information from a variety of logs, journals, and mariner testimony. He also added his own firsthand observations from a voyage to St. Helena he took in 1676-8.

States of the chart

The chart was published with Halley’s corresponding article, “An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and near the Tropicks, with an Attempt to Assign the Physical Cause of the Said Wind,” in volume 16, issue 183 (September 30, 1686) of the Philosophical Transactions.

As published in the journal, it had no page number or printer’s instructions included in the upper right corner, making this example a previously unrecorded state.

The chart was reprinted in 1687 in a French edition.

Reference
Norman J. W. Thrower, The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in the Paramore (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1981), 25; Norman J. W. Thrower, “Edmond Halley as a Thematic Geo-Cartographer,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59, no. 4 (1969): 652-676. KAP
Edmond Halley Biography

Edmund Halley (ca. 1656-1742) was one of Britain’s foremost astronomers and natural philosophers. He was also an explorer and mapmaker famous for his voyages to study magnetic variation.  Edmund was born in Shoreditch, London. After the Great Fire of 1666, his family moved to Winchester Street, near where the Royal Society, one of the world’s first scientific societies, then had its rooms.

Halley began his astronomical observations as a schoolboy at St. Paul’s School and later at Queen’s College, Oxford. By the time he left Oxford, he had already written three scientific papers and was in touch with the foremost minds in Europe, including the architect Christopher Wren, the natural philosopher Robert Hooke, and fellow astronomers, John Flamsteed, Jean Dominique Cassini, and Johann Hevelius.

Halley left Oxford without a degree because he wanted to travel to St. Helena to determine the positions of the southern stars and to observe the Transit of Mercury, a project he embarked on with the support of Charles II and the East India Company. Although not entirely successful, the star chart he published as a result earned him Fellowship in the Royal Society. In 1680, Halley and a school friend embarked on a scientific Grand Tour of Europe, observing, en route, the first appearance of a bright comet.

He discussed this comet with Isaac Newton upon his return. Halley struck up a great friendship with Newton and oversaw the publication of Newton’s masterpiece, Philosphiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687).  Halley wrote the Latin preface to the work, the most important in the field of physics ever published.

In the 1680s, Halley became interested in magnetic variation. As part of these studies, he produced one of his first known maps, a chart of the trade winds, the first such meteorological chart of its kind. To gather more data on the worldwide phenomena, Halley gathered information about winds and magnetic variation from a global network and took to the sea himself to make surveys and observations. In 1689 he presented a chart of the Thames approaches to the Royal Society. In 1691, he improved the design of a diving bell to help with the salvage of a cargo of gold and ivory.

Halley’s interest in sailing and charting continued in the 1690s, even as he worked as warden to the country mint at Chester. He published a flurry of scientific papers in this decade on topics including life expectancy, optics, rainbows, thermometers, and barometers. Most influential of his work for this time, he calculated the orbit of 24 comets and concluded that comets like the one he saw while on the Grand Tour have elliptical orbits. He also explained that the comet of 1682 had a return period of roughly 75 years; this comet was later named for Halley.

In 1698, Halley was given command of the purpose-built Royal Naval ship the Paramore. He set sail for the South Atlantic to make observations of magnetic variation. He embarked on a second cruise in 1699, also to the South Atlantic. These two voyages served as the basis for a chart of magnetic variation that covered the entire Atlantic, the first surviving chart to use isogonic lines and one of the first thematic charts ever produced. In 1701, Halley took the Paramore on a final cruise in the English Channel, which resulted in another chart that was a vast improvement on previous Channel charts.

Upon outbreak of the War of Spanish Succession, Halley was charged with surveying on behalf of England, a role which took him to the Adriatic. After completing his work there, he returned to an appointment as Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford. One of his major projects while there was to publish Flamsteed’s star charts, a project which contributed to the already stormy relationship between the men. In 1715, Halley drew a map of totality for a rare solar eclipse that would pass through London; his observations were still being used by astronomers in the twentieth century. In 1721, he succeeded Flamsteed as the second Astronomer Royal and moved to Greenwich, where he was concerned with the saronic cycle of the moon and, as ever, comets. He died there in 1742.