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Rare sea chart of the west coast of Africa, oriented with east at the top, produced by Gerard Van Keulen in Amsterdam around 1738.
The Nieuwe Paskaert van de Custen Zee Loango en Angoy is a precise and detailed Dutch sea chart from 1738 by Gerard van Keulen, which covers the southwest coast of Africa from the Congo River estuary to present-day Port-Gentil, Gabon. This region encompasses the modern territories of Gabon, Congo Brazzaville, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
This chart emerges from a period when the Dutch West India Company dominated various segments of Atlantic and African trade routes. Trading points such as Cabinda and Soyo were integral to Dutch economic ventures, particularly the slave trade. The map also details European interactions with African kingdoms through these trading posts, reflecting the intense competition among European powers, notably the Portuguese and the British, who had established significant trading positions along these coasts.
Gerard van Keulen was part of the renowned van Keulen family, who were official chartmakers to the Dutch East India Company and Europe's most prolific publisher's of sea charts for commercial use from the 1680s to the middle of the 18th Century.
The chart reflects the routes and findings of early explorers. These include the Portuguese Diogo Cão, who reached the Congo River in the late 15th century, and later Dutch explorers who followed his path into these waters.
The chart includes 2 insets which provide focused geographical detail on significant locale. These include the Congo River's mouth and Cape Lopez, areas of intense navigational and commercial importance, coastal profiles for navigation (notably around Cape Lopez and the Congo River estuary), as well as coastal recognition profiles illustrating the view from the sea as these regions were approached.
This map is not only a navigation aid but also a historical document that encapsulates the geopolitical and commercial trade dynamics of the 18th century, illustrating the extent of Dutch maritime influence and their sophisticated cartographic capabilities. It serves as a vital resource for understanding the historical interactions between European traders and African territories.
The Van Keulens were a family of chartmakers and publishers. The firm, In de Gekroonde Lootsman (In the Crowned Pilot), was founded in 1678 by Johannes van Keulen (1654-1715). Van Keulen originally registered his business as a vendor of books and instruments (specifically cross-staffs). In 1680, however, he gained a privilege from the States of Holland and West Friesland for the publication of pilot guides and sea atlases.
In that year, van Keulen released his Zee-Atlas (Sea Atlas), which secured him a name in the competitive maritime publishing market. In 1681, he published the first volume of Nieuwe Lichtende Zee-Fakkel (New Shining Sea Torch). This would be the first of an eventual five volumes originally published between 1680 and 1684. A sixth volume was added in 1753. The Zee-Fakel won van Keulen lasting fame. The atlas had charts compiled by Claes Jansz Vooght and artwork from Jan Luyken. It proved immensely popular and was reprinted until 1783. There were translations in French, English, Spanish, and Italian.
The late-seventeenth century was an auspicious time to enter the maritime chart business. Previous industry leaders had either closed shop, died, or retired, leaving space for a new competitor. Van Keulen proceeded to buy up the stock and privileges of several maritime publishing firms; the most notable was the stock of Hendrik Doncker, acquired in 1693.
Johannes’ son, Gerard (1678-1726) took over the business upon his father’s death. Gerard was a skilled engraver and mathematician. His talents were noticed, as in 1706 he was named as Hydrographer to the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
In turn, Gerard’s son Johannes II (1704-1770) came to run the shop. He was also tied to the VOC, and his role as their chartmaker allowed his charts to be considered as quasi-official government documents. It is with access to formerly clandestine VOC geographic knowledge that Johannes the Younger was able to add a sixth volume to the Zee-Fakkel, which covered the East Indies. Johannes also continued to sell instruments, including the recently-invented Hadley’s Quadrant from 1744.
When Johannes II died in 1770, his widow ran the business in his stead, aided by her two sons, Cornelis Buys (1736-1778) and Gerard Hulst (1733-1801). Now a century old, the family business had extended to include an anchor factory. After Cornelis died in 1778, Gerard took on the management of the firm alone. He oversaw the introduction of sextants to their inventory and published the Dutch Nautical Almanac beginning in 1788. Annual editions appeared until 1885. Gerard also served as an original member of the Dutch Commission for Longitude at Sea from 1787.
Gerard’s widow ran the business for nine years after his death, when their son, Johannes Hulst, started to lead the firm in 1810. After his death in 1844, the firm passed out of family hands and into the control of Jacob Swert, a skilled cartographer who had worked for the business for two decades. He passed the work to his son, another Jacob, in 1866. By the mid-nineteenth century, the conversion from sail to steam had diminished the size of the market for charts. Fewer sailors needed fewer maps, charts, and instruments. In 1885, after 207 years in business, In de Gekroonde Lootsman closed its doors and auctioned its stock.
