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The Final Leg of the Santa Fe Trail
Detailed topographical map of the region immediately east of Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico and extending east to Conchas Lake, annotated by noted historial and military commander Colonel George Ruhlen.
This topographical map represents a detailed survey of part of central New Mexico. It was produced under the direction of the Secretary of War and showcases geographical features with contour lines, hachures, and color coding for different land classifications. The map features various annotations, including a key that distinguishes agricultural and timber land, grazing land, and areas of arid and barren soil. Prominent features such as mountain ranges, valleys, and watercourses are clearly delineated. The scale is 1 inch to 4 miles.
The Wheeler Survey was a significant part of the U.S. government's efforts in the late 19th century to map the Western United States. It aimed to assess the geographical and natural resources to aid in westward expansion and development. This particular map, part of the survey's atlas, highlights the intricate details of the land and was an essential tool for understanding the region's agricultural and timber potential.
Provenance
Colonel George Ruhlen (1884-1971), noted Southern California historical geographer.
Manuscript Annotations
The map was annotated by George Ruhlen with three red triangles along the Santa Fe Trail near Las Vegas, Bernal and San Miguel, with a pencil annotation showing "Starvation Hill." These refer to the historical encampments of Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Kearny led the Army of the West, a force of approximately 1,700 men, on a mission to capture New Mexico and California for the United States.
Colonel George Ruhlen (1884–1971) was a distinguished military officer and historical geographer whose career spanned significant developments in U.S. military history, particularly during the early and mid-20th century. Best known for organizing the coastal defenses of San Diego after Pearl Harbor, his leadership, particularly during World War II, and his contributions to historical scholarship made him a respected figure in both military and academic circles.
Born at Fort Totten, near Devil's Lake, North Dakota, in 1884, Ruhlen came from a family with a deep military tradition. His father, Major General George Ruhlen, was a U.S. Army quartermaster. Ruhlen graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army. His early postings were within the Quartermaster Corps, but over time, he transitioned to roles of increasing responsibility within the field artillery, where he demonstrated keen leadership skills. His career saw him stationed at various posts, with a notable assignment in 1938 as the commanding officer of Corregidor, a fortress island in the Philippines critical to the defense of Manila Bay.
Colonel Ruhlen is perhaps best remembered for his role as the commander of Fort Rosecrans, a key military installation in San Diego, California. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Ruhlen was tasked with organizing the coastal defenses of San Diego, a city that was seen as vulnerable to Japanese attack in the early days of the Pacific War. Fort Rosecrans, located on the Point Loma peninsula, became the centerpiece of Ruhlen’s efforts to fortify the region.
In his capacity as commander, Ruhlen oversaw the deployment of coastal artillery and anti-aircraft defenses, ensuring that San Diego, a vital Pacific Fleet base and a hub for wartime logistics, was well-protected. His leadership during this period was crucial in maintaining the security of one of the most strategically important cities on the U.S. West Coast.
Ruhlen retired from the U.S. Army in 1944, but his contributions to the San Diego community did not end there. He became heavily involved in historical research and preservation, notably serving as the president of the San Diego Historical Society during the late 1940s and early 1950s. In this role, Ruhlen was instrumental in promoting the study of Southern California's military history, especially the role that Fort Rosecrans and other installations played in the defense of the region during World War II.
Ruhlen’s work as a historical geographer extended beyond military history. He was particularly interested in the history of the American West and the strategic role of military forts in the development of the region. His research and writings contributed to a greater understanding of the military’s influence on the growth of Southern California, helping to preserve the legacy of the region's military past.
Colonel George Ruhlen was part of a family with a remarkable military lineage. His father, George Ruhlen Sr., served as an Army inspector general and was a significant figure in the U.S. Army during the early 20th century. Ruhlen's son, also named George Ruhlen, followed in his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps, serving with distinction in the U.S. Army during World War II. As a Lieutenant Colonel, George Ruhlen III commanded the 3rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion, a unit of the 9th Armored Division that played a key role in halting German advances during the Battle of the Bulge, particularly in the defense of Medernach.
