|
||
|
|
|
|
This map from the 1486 Ulm edition of Ptolemy’s Geographia, printed by Johann Reger, offers a captivating late medieval portrayal of Southeast Asia as imagined through classical texts. Though it might initially seem to depict the Indian subcontinent, the Ganges River's placement on the far left signals a focus on Southeast Asia ("India Extra Gangem") rather than modern-day India ("India Intra Gangem"). India Extra Gangem extends from the Sinus Gangeticus (the Bay of Bengal) to the Sinus Magnus (interpreted as the Gulf of Thailand or the South China Sea), with stylized mountain ranges and rivers traversing the landscape in winding, exaggerated forms.
One of the most intriguing aspects of the map lies in its annotations, which are scattered throughout the seas south of the landmass. These notes offer a glimpse into the myths and rumors that shaped European understanding of Southeast Asia.
Further annotations reflect both the dangers and allure of these distant islands. Near Ibadium, a description translates to "a fearsome island," suggesting a place both treacherous and alluring, with mentions of “aurum” (gold) underscoring the enduring European fascination with wealth in far-off lands. These inscriptions act as both geographic notes and narrative embellishments, blending information with myth and offering viewers an account that is as much a collection of fantastical tales as it is a geographic record.
This map is a remarkable example of how classical knowledge and medieval imagination converged, creating a document that serves both as a geographic tool and a window into 15th-century curiosity. Despite its inaccuracies by modern standards, it captures the European drive to map and understand even the most remote parts of the world, with the annotations highlighting the mysteries, dangers, and allure that Southeast Asia held in the medieval mind.
The Ulm Ptolemy of 1482 and 1486
The Ulm edition of Ptolemy was first published in 1482 by Lienhart Holle. In contrast to the two earlier illustrated editions of Ptolemy's geography - Bologna (1477) and Rome (1478) - the maps in the Ulm edition are woodblock prints, not copperplate engravings. The maps in the Ulm edition follow the manuscript maps of Donnus Nicolaus Germanus, a Benedictine monk from Breslau who produced brilliant presentation copies for Italian elites in the 1460s and 1470s. Specifically, the Ulm was patterned after the manuscript atlas prepared for Pope Paul II. The Ulm Ptolemy was the first book Holle published, but it was also to be one of his last. Holle went bankrupt shortly after the original publication. The work was then taken over by Johann Reger, who issued another edition in 1486.
The differences between the two editions are relatively small. The 1486 maps typically include titles at the top, whereas there were no titles on the 1482 maps. An unpublished study of the individual maps reveals that there are multiple states of most of the maps.
It had long been suggested that the way to differentiate between the 1482 and 1486 editions was the use of lapis lazuli blue in the 1482 edition for the seas, whereas the 1486 used brown. However, the same unpublished study, which evaluated dozens of examples of the two editions, determined that the earliest examples of the 1486 were also issued with the lapis lazuli blue, suggesting that when Johann Reger acquired the woodblocks, he likely also acquired some unused lapis lazuli. In 2021, we offered for sale a complete example of a 1486 entirely in lapis lazuli blue.
Claudius Ptolemy (fl. AD 127-145) was an ancient geographer, astronomer, and mathematician. He is known today through translations and transcriptions of his work, but little is known about his life besides his residence in Alexandria.
Several of his works are still known today, although they have passed through several alterations and languages over the centuries. The Almagest, in thirteen books, discusses astronomy. It is in the Almagest that Ptolemy postulates his geocentric universe. His geometric ideas are contained in the Analemma, and his optical ideas were presented in five books known as the Optica.
His geographic and cartographic work was immensely influential. In the Planisphaerium, Ptolemy discusses the stereographic projection. Perhaps his best-known work is his Geographia, in eight books. However, Ptolemy’s ideas had been absent from western European intellectual history for roughly a thousand years, although Arab scholars interacted with his ideas from the ninth century onward.
In 1295, a Greek monk found a copy of Geographia in Constantinople; the emperor ordered a copy made and the Greek text began to circulate in eastern Europe. In 1393, a Byzantine diplomat brought a copy of the Geographia to Italy, where it was translated into Latin in 1406 and called the Cosmographia. The manuscript maps were first recorded in 1415. These manuscripts, of which there are over eighty extant today, are the descendants of Ptolemy’s work and a now-lost atlas consisting of a world map and 26 regional maps.
When Ptolemy’s work was re-introduced to Western scholarship, it proved radically influential for the understanding and appearance of maps. Ptolemy employs the concept of a graticule, uses latitude and longitude, and orients his maps to the north—concepts we take for granted today. The Geographia’s text is concerned with three main issues with regard to geography: the size and shape of the earth; map projection, i.e. how to represent the world’s curve proportionally on a plane surface; and the corruption of spatial data as it transfers from source to source. The text also contains instructions as to how to map the world on a globe or a plane surface, complete with the only set of geographic coordinates (8000 toponyms, 6400 with coordinates) to survive from the classical world.
![[ Lhasa, Tibet ] Bietala](https://storage.googleapis.com/raremaps/img/small/97334.jpg)
![[ First Printed Map of Sumatra ]](https://storage.googleapis.com/raremaps/img/small/107264.jpg)