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Julius Bien was born on September 27, 1826, in Naumburg, Germany. He received his artistic training at the Kunsthochschule in Kassel and the Städel Institute in Frankfurt, where he studied under the celebrated Jewish artist Moritz Daniel Oppenheim. In the turbulent political landscape of 1848, Bien participated in the failed revolution in Germany, prompting his emigration to the United States. Arriving in New York in 1849, Bien quickly established himself in the burgeoning field of lithography, founding his own firm, Julius Bien & Co.

Bien's technical proficiency and innovative approach quickly distinguished him as one of the leading lithographers in the United States. His mastery of chromolithography, a technique he had refined in Germany, allowed him to produce high-quality, multi-color prints with remarkable accuracy and depth. His studio in New York expanded rapidly, offering a wide array of products, including city views, maps, scientific illustrations, and commercial prints. Bien’s meticulous attention to detail and ability to adapt to various print media made his work highly sought after by both commercial clients and government agencies.

Bien’s contributions to American cartography were significant, particularly in his collaborations with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). He was instrumental in producing topographical maps that set new standards for clarity and scientific precision. His work for the federal government extended over several decades and included maps for the Pacific Railroad surveys and U.S. census reports. Among his most ambitious projects was the production of a new edition of John James Audubon's The Birds of America in the late 1850s. Despite the promise of a groundbreaking chromolithographic edition, the venture was halted after producing only 150 of the intended 435 plates due to financial difficulties exacerbated by the Civil War and shifts in ornithological tastes. Nevertheless, the "Bien Edition" remains a landmark in the history of chromolithography, celebrated for its nuanced color palette and delicate imagery.

Beyond his contributions to lithography, Bien was a prominent figure in the Jewish community and professional circles. He served as president of B’nai B’rith for over thirty years, guiding the organization’s growth and internationalization. He also played a leading role in the National Lithographers Association, serving as its first president. Bien’s commitment to public service extended to his involvement with institutions such as the Hebrew Technical Institute and the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York. Under his leadership, his workshop grew to employ over two hundred artists, and his work earned acclaim at world expositions in Paris, Philadelphia, and Chicago.

Bien's Ketubah

Among his earliest work as a lithographer was a ketubah (Jewish marriage contract between husband and wife)  he produced for the 1852 wedding of Cornelius Roos and Caroline Elsasser at New York’s Congregation Emanu-El. This document reflects Bien’s vision of integrating Jewish and American identities. The ketubah’s dual-column format, presenting English and Aramaic texts side by side, exemplifies the Reform Jewish movement’s goals of blending tradition with modernity.  Moreover, the ketubah’s illustration—a solemn wedding scene distinctly American in character—showcases Bien’s intent to present Jewish rituals through an American lens, subtly advancing a progressive agenda of cultural integration.

Bien’s approach to the ketubah mirrors the broader themes that would define his later work. His lithographic methods, which brought precision and technological sophistication to American cartography and illustration, are echoed in the careful design of the marriage contract. Even at this early stage, Bien was committed to advancing American knowledge and identity through his art, whether in the form of maps, prints, or culturally resonant documents like this ketubah. The balance he struck between Jewish tradition and American innovation set the tone for his later achievements, where he became renowned for mapping the expanding nation and capturing its intellectual progress in visual form.

John James Audubon (1785-1851), born Jean-Jacques Rabin in Haiti on April 26, 1785, was a Franco-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter, celebrated for his detailed illustrations of North American birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a color-plate book titled The Birds of America, is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever produced.

Audubon's early years were shaped by tumultuous events. Born out of wedlock in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) to a Creole mother and a French sea captain, he was smuggled to Nantes, France, during a slave rebellion. There, he was adopted by his father and stepmother and raised as their own. His childhood in France was filled with outdoor adventures and initial forays into drawing.

In 1803, to avoid conscription into Napoleon's army, he was sent to America, where he managed one of his father's estates near Philadelphia. This move further kindled his profound interest in the wildlife of the New World. Despite a few failed business ventures and challenges, Audubon remained committed to his passion for nature and art.

His dream to document all of the birds of America began to take form in the 1810s. Travelling through America's wilderness, Audubon observed, hunted, and painted birds. He developed a particular technique that involved wiring freshly killed birds into a natural pose on a board. This innovative method combined with his keen observation allowed him to create more lifelike illustrations than many of his contemporaries.

Failing to secure American subscribers or a publisher for his extensive collection, Audubon traveled to the United Kingdom in 1826. There, The Birds of America was met with critical acclaim. Between 1827 and 1838, this work was published in sections, comprising 435 hand-colored, life-sized prints made from engraved plates.

Audubon followed this success with a companion work, Ornithological Biography, which provided detailed narratives about each species. His later work included studies of American mammals, and he became one of the founding members of the New-York Historical Society.

Despite facing numerous challenges throughout his life, including financial hardships and criticism from some peers, Audubon's dedication to his work resulted in an invaluable contribution to ornithology and American art. He died on January 27, 1851, in New York City. Today, his legacy continues, notably through the National Audubon Society, which promotes conservation and appreciation of birds and their habitats.