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A dignified photograph portrait of Semo, a Warm Springs Chiricahua Apache man likely from New Mexico. He was also known as Umatilla Jim.
Charles Milton Bell's Native American Portraits
Charles Milton Bell (1848–1893) was a prominent American photographer known for his striking portraits of Native Americans and other significant figures during the late 19th century. Based in Washington, D.C., Bell came from a family of photographers and established his own studio, C. M. Bell, in 1873. As one of Washington’s leading portrait photographers, Bell collaborated with Ferdinand V. Hayden during the Hayden Survey, creating powerful images of Native Americans that documented their cultures and appearances during a time of profound change. Many of these portraits were commissioned by the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of American Ethnology, where Bell also supported in-house photographers. His work captured not only the individuals but also the broader narratives of the period, preserving an invaluable visual record of Native American heritage and the American West.
Hayden Geological Survey
The U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories was led by Ferdinand V. Hayden between 1867 and 1879. It was one of four major surveys of the American West authorized by Congress in the post-Civil War era, aiming to document the region's geology, geography, and natural resources. Hayden’s work focused on the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, producing detailed maps and scientific reports that significantly contributed to westward expansion and the nation's understanding of its western territories. The survey's findings were instrumental in the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, the first national park in the world. Hayden's comprehensive and visually compelling publications, including contributions from artists and photographers like Thomas Moran and William Henry Jackson, were critical in shaping public support for preserving the natural wonders of the West.
Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, known to the Sioux as "man-who-picks-up-stones-running," stands among the pantheon of eminent geologists of the 19th century.
Hayden's academic career commenced at Oberlin College, and he furthered his education at Albany Medical College, where he received his M.D. in 1853. Despite his medical training, Hayden was primarily engaged in geology, a field to which he would dedicate his life's work.
Hayden commenced his geological career with a survey in the Nebraska Territory in 1856. In 1859 and 1860, he conducted further exploratory work in the Rocky Mountains, particularly in Colorado, which was then part of the Nebraska and Kansas territories. His early work in the field earned him the respect of Native American tribes, with the Sioux reportedly dubbing him "man-who-picks-up-stones-running" due to his avid and energetic collection of geological samples during his expeditions.
By the 1860s, Hayden had risen to prominence as a geologist and was appointed the United States Geologist for the Geological Survey of the Territories. This role would define his career, leading numerous surveys in the Western United States. Notably, from 1871 to 1872, Hayden led a survey into the region that would become Yellowstone National Park, and his reports significantly contributed to the establishment of Yellowstone as the first National Park in 1872.
Hayden's most significant contribution to geological literature was the Geological Atlas of Colorado, published in 1877. This work was the result of comprehensive surveys conducted across Colorado, meticulously documenting the state's geography and geology. The atlas offered detailed maps on a scale previously unseen, encompassing not only Colorado but adjacent areas, including parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Hayden's influence extended to academia, as he was affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania for a period, where he held the position of professor of geology. His academic and field work combined to form a substantial body of knowledge that would be used by future scholars and explorers.
Ferdinand V. Hayden passed away on December 22, 1887, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His enduring legacy is reflected in the numerous natural features named after him, including Hayden Valley in Yellowstone and Mount Hayden in Colorado. His contributions to geology during the 19th century remain a cornerstone of American geological and geographical sciences.
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